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Cytokines Related Biomolecules
Cytokines, Growth Factors, Chemokines, CD Antigens, Neurotrophins Hormones, Enzymes, Viral Antigens, Recombinant Proteins, Natural Proteins Antibodies, ......
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine

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CoV, CoV- 2, SARS, Enzymes, Viral Antigens- SARS Proteins, Antibodies

Cytokines
Growth Factors
Chemokines
CD antigens
Neurotrophins
Hormones

3D medical animation still showing secretion of Cytokines.

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides, and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrine signaling, paracrine signaling and endocrine signaling as immunomodulating agents. Their definite distinction from hormones is still part of ongoing research. Cytokines include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumour necrosis factors, but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some overlap in the terminology). Cytokines are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells; a given cytokine may be produced by more than one type of cell.^[1]^[2]

In terms of complexity and time requirements, de-novo assemblies are orders of magnitude slower and more memory intensive than mapping assemblies. This is mostly due to the fact that the assembly algorithm needs to compare every read with every other read (an operation that has a naive time complexity of O(n²).

They act through receptors, and are especially important in the immune system; cytokines modulate the balance between humoraland cell-based immune responses, and they regulate the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations. Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines in complex ways.

They are different from hormones, which are also important cell signaling molecules, in that hormones circulate in higher concentrations and tend to be made by specific kinds of cells.
They are important in health and disease, specifically in host responses to infection, immune responses, inflammation, trauma, sepsis, cancer, and reproduction.
The word comes from Greek: cyto, from Greek "κύτος" kytos "cavity, cell" + kines, from Greek "κίνησις" kinēsis "movement".

Roles of endogenous cytokines in health and disease

Cytokines are often involved in several developmental processes during embryogenesis.^[20]^{[nb 1]}^[21]^{[nb 2]}

Cytokines are crucial for fighting off infections and in other immune responses.^[22] However, they can become dysregulated and pathological in inflammation, trauma, and sepsis.^[22]

Adverse effects of cytokines have been linked to many disease states and conditions ranging from schizophrenia, major depression^[23] and Alzheimer's disease^[24] to cancer.^[25] Normal tissue integrity is preserved by feedback interactions between diverse cell types mediated by adhesion molecules and secreted cytokines; disruption of normal feedback mechanisms in cancer threatens tissue integrity.^[26] Over-secretion of cytokines can trigger a dangerous syndrome known as a cytokine storm; this may have been the cause of severe adverse events during a clinical trial of TGN1412. Cytokine storms are suspected to be the main cause of death in the 1918 "Spanish Flu" pandemic. Deaths were weighted more heavily towards people with healthy immune systems, due to its ability to produce stronger immune responses, likely increasing cytokine levels. Another important example of cytokine storm is seen in acute pancreatitis. Cytokines are integral and implicated in all angles of the cascade resulting in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi organ failure associated with this intra-abdominal catastrophe.^[27]

Cytokine release syndrome

Bone morphogenetic protein

Medical use as drugs

Some cytokines have been developed into protein therapeutics using recombinant DNA technology.^[28] Recombinant cytokines being used as drugs as of 2014 include:^[29]

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), used to treat bone-related conditions
Erythropoietin (EPO), used to treat anemia
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), used to treat neutropenia in cancer patients
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), used to treat neutropenia and fungal infections in cancer patients
Interferon alfa, used to treat hepatitis C and multiple sclerosis
Interferon beta, used to treat multiple sclerosis
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), used to treat cancer.
Interleukin 11 (IL-11), used to treat thrombocytopenia in cancer patients.
Interferon gamma is used to treat chronic granulomatous disease^[30] and osteopetrosis^[31]

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Among our proteins are Interferons, Interleukins, Bone Morphogenic Proteins, Tumor Necrosis factors, Leptins, Stem Cell factors, Prolactins, Chemokines, Antibodies, Peptides, Enzymes, Viral Antigens, various growth factors such as: Platelet Derived, Epidermal, Insulin Like, Nerve, Connective Tissue, Vascular Endothelial, Fibroblast and more.....
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The term "cytokine" is derived from a combination of two Greek words - "cyto" meaning cell and "kinos" meaning movement. Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma.

What are Cytokines?

Cytokines/immunocytokines, were initially used to separate the immunomodulatory proteins, also called immunotransmitters, from other growth factors that modulate proliferation and bioactivities of non-immune cells. Some cytokines are produced by a rather limited number of different cell types while others are produced by almost the entire spectrum of known cell types. Recombinant cytokines are in clinical use, and continues attempts are made to develop hybrid molecules from cytokines. 1 must be aware of the fact that current knowledge is still limited. Cytokines are powerful two-edged weapons that can trigger a cascade of reactions, and may show activities that often go beyond the single highly specific property that it is hoped they possess. New factors are being discovered constantly and they extend our knowledge about the Cytokine network. The understanding of the biological mechanisms governing cytokine actions are an important contribution to medical knowledge. The biochemistry and molecular biology of cytokine actions explain some well-known and sometimes also some of the more obscure clinical aspects of diseases. Knowledge that cytokines create regulatory hierarchies and provide independent and/or interrelated regulatory mechanisms that can confer distinct and interactive developmental functions lays a solid, albeit rather complicated foundation, for current and future clinical experiences.
The concept of "1 producer cell - 1 cytokine - 1 target cell" has been falsified for practically every cytokine investigated more closely. To classify these factors based on their producer or target cells is therefore also problematic. Classifications based upon identical or shared biological activities of cytokines especially with broad definitions is also problematic for example: BCDF (B-cell differentiation factors), BCGF (B-cell growth factors), Motogenic cytokines, Chemotactic cytokines (Chemokines), CSF (colony stimulating factors), angiogenesis factors, or TRF (T-cell replacing factors). Designations such as HBGF group (heparin binding growth factors) take into account biochemical shared properties by a variety of cytokines which also problematic. The term cytokine is used today as a generic name for a diverse group which includes proteins and peptides that act in nano-picomolar concentrations as humoral regulators and modulate the functional activities of individual cells & tissues. Cytokines also mediate interactions between cells & regulate processes taking place in the extracellular environment. Many growth factors and cytokines act as cellular survival factors by preventing programmed cell death......

4-1BB	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD137	Flt3 Ligand	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD135
Adiponectin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiponectin	Follistatin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follistatin
AITRL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNFRSF18	Hedgehog Protein	Hedgehog_signaling_pathway
AIF1	Allograft_inflammatory_factor_1	Interferon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon
Angiopoietin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiopoietin	Interleukin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin
Apolipoprotein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein	lif - Leukemia Inhibitory Factor	Leukemia_inhibitory_factor
B-Cell Activating Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor	Otoraplin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTOR
Beta Defensin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_defensin	Resistin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistin
Betacellulin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacellulin	Serum Amyloid A	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_amyloid_A
Bone Morphogenetic Protein	Bone_morphogenetic_protein	TPO	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombopoietin
BST	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BST1	Trefoil Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil_factor_1
B type Natriuretic Peptide	Brain_natriuretic_peptide	TSLP	Thymic_stromal_lymphopoietin
Cardiotrophin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotrophin_1	Tumor Necrosis Factor	Tumor_necrosis_factor_superfamily
CTLA4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTLA-4	Uteroglobin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteroglobin
EBI3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBI3	Visfatin	Nicotinamide_phosphoribosyltransferase
Endoglin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoglin	Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway
Epiregulin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiregulin	Other Cytokines	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine
FAS	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas_receptor

Engineering growth factors for regenerative medicine applications

About Growth Factors

A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth,^[1] proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation. Usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.

Growth factors typically act as signaling molecules between cells. Examples are cytokines and hormones that bind to specific receptors on the surface of their target cells.

They often promote cell differentiation and maturation, which varies between growth factors. For example, epidermal growth factor(EGF) enhances osteogenic differentiation, ^[2] while fibroblast growth factors and vascular endothelial growth factors stimulate blood vessel differentiation (angiogenesis).

Versus cytokines
Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine.^[3] Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic (blood and lymph forming) cells and immune system cells (e.g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes). For the circulatory system and bone marrow in which cells can occur in a liquid suspension and not bound up in solid tissue, it makes sense for them to communicate by soluble, circulating protein molecules. However, as different lines of research converged, it became clear that some of the same signaling proteins which the hematopoietic and immune systems use were also being used by all sorts of other cells and tissues, during development and in the mature organism.

While growth factor implies a positive effect on cell division, cytokine is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as G-CSF and GM-CSF, others have an inhibitory effect on cell growth or proliferation. Some cytokines, such as Fas ligand, are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed cell death or apoptosis.

The growth factor was first discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini, which won her a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine......

Activin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin	Myostatin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myostatin
CSF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor	Noggin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noggin_(protein)
CTGF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTGF	NOV	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOV_(gene)
EGF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor	Omentin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelectin
Epigen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigen	Oncostatin-M	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncostatin_M
Erythropoietin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin	Osteopontin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopontin
Fibroblast Growth Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor	Osteoprotegerin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoprotegerin
Galectin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galectin	PDGF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor
Growth Hormone	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone	Periostin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periostin
HDGF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoma-derived_growth_factor	Placental Growth Factor	Placental_growth_factor
Hepatocyte Growth Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte_growth_factor	Placental Lactogen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_lactogen
IGFBP	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor-binding_protein	Prolactin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
Insulin-Like Growth Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1	RANK Ligand	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANKL
Insulin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin	Retinol Binding Protein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol-binding_protein
Keratinocyte Growth Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinocyte	Stem Cell Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_factor
Leptin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin	Transforming Growth Factor	Transforming_growth_factor
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor	Macrophage_migration_inhibitory_factor	VEGF	Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor
Melanoma Inhibitory Activity	Melanoma_inhibitory_activity	Other Growth Factors

Interactions Between Hemopoietically Derived TNF and Central Nervous System-Resident Glial Chemokines Underlie Initiation of Autoimmune Inflammation in the Brain

About Chemokines
Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells. Their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells; they are chemotactic cytokines.

Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. In addition to being known for mediating chemotaxis, chemokines are all approximately 8-10 kilodaltons in mass and have four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape.

These proteins have historically been known under several other names including the SIS family of cytokines, SIG family of cytokines, SCY family of cytokines, Platelet factor-4 superfamily or intercrines. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria, but none have been described for other invertebrates.
Chemokines have been classified into four main subfamilies: CXC, CC, CX3C and XC. All of these proteins exert their biological effects by interacting with G protein-linked transmembrane receptors called chemokine receptors, that are selectively found on the surfaces of their target cells.^[1]

.....

BCA-1/ BLC (CXCL13)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL13	I-TAC (CXCL11)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL11
BRAK (CXCL14)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL14	LD78-beta (CCL3L1)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL3L1
C-10 (CCL6)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL6	Lymphotactin (XCL1)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCL1
CTACK (CCL27)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL27	MCP (CCL2, 7,8,12,13)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL2
CXCL16	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL16	MDC (CCL22)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL22
CXCL17	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL17	MEC (CCL28)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL28
ENA-78 (CXCL5)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL5	MIG (CXCL9)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL9
Eotaxin (CCL11,24,26)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL11	MIP (CCL3,4,9,15)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL3
Exodus-2 (CCL21)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL21	NAP-2 (CXCL7)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL7
Fractalkine (CX3CL1)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CX3CL1	Platelet Factor-4 (CXCL4)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_factor_4
GRO (CXCL1,2,3)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL1	Rantes (CCL5)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL5
HCC-1 (CCL14)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL14	SDF (CXCL12)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL2
I-309 (CCL1)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL1	TARC (CCL17)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL17
Interleukin -8 (CXCL8)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_8	Thymus Expressed Chemokine (CCL25)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL25
IP-10 (CXCL10)		Other Chemokines

Cluster of Differentiation
(Immunophenotyping)

About CD antigens
The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells.^[1] In terms of physiology, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling). Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signaling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. CD for humans is numbered up to 371 (as of 21 April 2016).^[2]^[3].....

Immunophenotyping

The CD system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping, allowing cells to be defined based on what molecules are present on their surface. These markers are often used to associate cells with certain immune functions. While using one CD molecule to define populations is uncommon (though a few examples exist), combining markers has allowed for cell types with very specific definitions within the immune system.
CD molecules are utilized in cell sorting using various methods, including flow cytometry.

Two commonly used CD molecules are CD4 and CD8, which are, in general, used as markers for helper and cytotoxic T cells, respectively. These molecules are defined in combination with CD3+, as some other leukocytes also express these CD molecules (some macrophages express low levels of CD4; dendritic cells express high levels of CD8). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) binds CD4 and a chemokine receptor on the surface of a T helper cell to gain entry. The number of CD4 and CD8 T cells in blood is often used to monitor the progression of HIV infection.

Physiological functions
While CD molecules are very useful in defining leukocytes, they are not merely markers on the cell surface. While only a fraction of known CD molecules have been thoroughly characterised, most of them have an important function. In the example of CD4 & CD8, these molecules are critical in antigen recognition. Others (e.g., CD135) act as cell surface receptors for growth factors.

CD1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1	CD47	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD47
CD14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD14	CD5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD5_(protein)
CD2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD2	CD8B	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD8
CD200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD200	CD5L	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD5L
CD204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSR1	CD68	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD68
CD207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langerin	CD55	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay-accelerating_factor
CD226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD226	CD7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD7
CD244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD244	CD73	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT5E
CD27	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD27	CD58	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD58
CD23	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD23	CD74	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD74
CD274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1	CD80	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD80
CD247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD247	CD79	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD79
CD3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD3_(immunology)	CD84	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD84
CD33	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD33	CD93	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD93
CD300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD300A	CD99	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD99
CD34	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34	Fc Fragment of IgG Receptor
CD36	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD36	CD164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD164
CD4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4	sCD40L	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40_(protein)
CD40	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40_(protein)	Other CD Antigens
CD46	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD46	CD47	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD47

Neurotrophin

About Neurotrophins

Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival,^[1] development, and function^[2] of neurons.

They belong to a class of growth factors, secreted proteins that are capable of signaling particular cells to survive, differentiate, or grow.^[3] Growth factors such as neurotrophins that promote the survival of neurons are known as neurotrophic factors. Neurotrophic factors are secreted by target tissue and act by preventing the associated neuron from initiating programmed cell death – thus allowing the neurons to survive. Neurotrophins also induce differentiation of progenitor cells, to form neurons. Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain (for example, the hippocampus) retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells, a process known as neurogenesis.^[4] Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis.

Function : During the development of the vertebrate nervous system, many neurons become redundant (because they have died, failed to connect to target cells, etc.) and are eliminated. At the same time, developing neurons send out axon outgrowths that contact their target cells.^[9] Such cells control their degree of innervation (the number of axon connections) by the secretion of various specific neurotrophic factors that are essential for neuron survival. One of these is nerve growth factor (NGF or beta-NGF), a vertebrate protein that stimulates division and differentiation of sympathetic and embryonic sensory neurons.^[10]^[11] NGF is mostly found outside the central nervous system (CNS), but slight traces have been detected in adult CNS tissues, although a physiological role for this is unknown.^[9] It has also been found in several snake venoms.^[12]^[13],.....

BDNF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor	BDNF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor
Beta-NGF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor	Neuroglobin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglobin
CDNF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_dopamine_neurotrophic_factor	Neuritin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRN1
CNTF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor	Neuropilin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropilin
GDNF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cell_line-derived_neurotrophic_factor	Neurotrophic factors	Neurotrophic_factors
Glia Maturation Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia_maturation_factor	Persephin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephin
MANF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARMET	Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEDF
Midkine	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midkine	Pleiotrophin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotrophin
Neuregulin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuregulin	Other Neurotrophins	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin

Different types of hormones are secreted in the body, with different biological roles and functions

About Hormones

A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶν”, "setting in motion") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones have diverse chemical structures, mainly of three classes: eicosanoids, steroids, and amino acid/protein derivatives (amines, peptides, and proteins). The glands that secrete hormones comprise the endocrine signaling system. The term hormone is sometimes extended to include chemicals produced by cells that affect the same cell (autocrine or intracrine signalling) or nearby cells (paracrine signalling).

Hormones are used to communicate between organs and tissues for physiologicalregulation and behavioral activities, such as digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissuefunction, sensory perception, sleep, excretion, lactation, stress, growth and development, movement, reproduction, and mood.^[1]^[2] Hormones affect distant cells by binding to specific receptor proteins in the target cell resulting in a change in cell function.

When a hormone binds to the receptor, it results in the activation of a signal transduction pathway that typically activates gene transcription resulting in increased expression of target proteins; non-genomic effects are more rapid, and can be synergistic with genomic effects.^[3] Amino acid–based hormones (amines and peptide or protein hormones) are water-soluble and act on the surface of target cells via second messengers; steroid hormones, being lipid-soluble, move through the plasma membranes of target cells (both cytoplasmic and nuclear) to act within their nuclei.

Hormone secretion may occur in many tissues. Endocrine glands are the cardinal example, but specialized cells in various other organs also secrete hormones. Hormone secretion occurs in response to specific biochemical signals from a wide range of regulatory systems. For instance, serum calcium concentration affects parathyroid hormone synthesis; blood sugar (serum glucose concentration) affects insulin synthesis; and because the outputs of the stomach and exocrine pancreas (the amounts of gastric juice and pancreatic juice) become the input of the small intestine, the small intestine secretes hormones to stimulate or inhibit the stomach and pancreas based on how busy it is. Regulation of hormone synthesis of gonadal hormones, adrenocortical hormones, and thyroid hormones is often dependent on complex sets of direct influence and feedback interactions involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), -gonadal (HPG), and -thyroid (HPT) axes.

.....

Endothelin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin	Endothelin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone
Exendin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1	Peptide Hormones	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormone
FSH	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone	Procalcitonin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procalcitonin
GHRP	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone	PTH	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone
GLP	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1	Stanniocalcin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanniocalcin
Glucagon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon	Thymosin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin
HCG	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin	Thyrostimulin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPHA2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPHB5
Inhibin A	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin	TSH	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone
LHRH	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone	Other Hormones

The enzyme glucosidase converts the sugar maltose to two glucose sugars. Active site residues in red, maltose substrate in black, and NAD cofactor in yellow. (PDB: 1OBB)

About Enzymes

Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life.^[1]^:^8.1 Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called enzymology and a new field of pseudoenzyme analysis has recently grown up, recognising that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties.^[2]^[3]

Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types.^[4] Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. The latter are called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificitycomes from their unique three-dimensional structures.

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14-3-3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-3-3_protein	Kallikrein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikrein
Activating Transcription Factor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activating_transcription_factor	Ligase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase
Adenylate Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylate_kinase	Lipase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase
AHCY	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylhomocysteinase	Lipocalin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipocalin
Aldolase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphate_aldolase	Lyase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyase
Asparaginase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginase	LYVE1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYVE1
Aurora Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_kinase	MMP	Matrix_metalloproteinase_inhibitor
Beta Lactamase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamase	TIMP	Tissue_inhibitor_of_metalloproteinase
Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca2%2B/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase_II	Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase
Calcium and Integrin Binding	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIB1	Mutase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutase
Carbonic Anhydrase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase	Natural Enzymes
Casein Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein_kinase_1	Nuclease	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease
Cathepsin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin	Nucleotidase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidase
Chitinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinase	Nudix Type Motif	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudix_hydrolase
Creatin Kinases	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase	Oxidase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase	Oxygenase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenase
Cyclin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin	Paraoxonase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraoxonase
Cyclophilin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophilin	Peptidase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease
Deaminase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination	Peroxiredoxin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxiredoxin
Decarboxylase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxy-lyases	Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase	Protein_tyrosine_phosphatase
Dehydrogenase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrogenase	Phosphatase	Phosphatase#In_gluconeogenesis
Discoidin Domain Receptor Tyrosine Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoidin_domain-containing_receptor_2	PPARG	Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma
DNA Polymerase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfu_DNA_polymerase https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaqMan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_beta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excision_repair	PI3-kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase
EGF Receptor	Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor	Phosphorylase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase
Endonuclease	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonuclease	Polymerase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase
Enolase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolase	Protease	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease
Enterokinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteropeptidase	Proteasome	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome
Epimerase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimerase_and_racemase	Protein Kinase-A	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A
Esterase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterase	Protein Kinase-C	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_C
FGF Receptors	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor	Protein Kinase Akt1/PKB alpha	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_B
FK506 Binding Protein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKBP	Protein Kinases	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase
Fructosamine 3 Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosamine-3-kinase	Reductase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductase
Galactosidase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosidases	Secreted Phospholipase A2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A2
Glucosidase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosidases	Serine Threonine Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase
Gluteradoxin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaredoxin	Sulfatase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatase
Glycogen synthase kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_synthase_kinase	Synthase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthase
Glycosylase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylase	Synthetase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase
Glyoxalase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxalase_system	TIE1,TIE2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIE1
Granzyme	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granzyme	TPA	Tissue_plasminogen_activator
Guanylate Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate_kinase	TGFBR	Transforming_growth_factor_beta
Histone Deacetylase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase	Transaminase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaminase
Heparanase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparanase	Transferase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase
Hexokinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexokinase	TGM2	Tissue_transglutaminase
Hydratase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydration_reaction	Tyrosine Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase
Hydrolase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolase	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-conjugating_enzyme
Hydroxylase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylation	Uromodulin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamm%E2%80%93Horsfall_protein
Isomerase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomerase	VEGF Receptors	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEGF_receptor
Jun N-terminal Kinase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Jun_N-terminal_kinases	Other Enzymes
Jun Proto-Oncogene		Ligase	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase

Virus

Viral Antigens
A viral Antigen is an antigen with multiple antigenicities that is protein in nature, strain-specific, and closely associated with the virus particle. A viral antigen is a protein encoded by the viral genome.A viral protein is an antigen specified by the viral genome that can be detected by a specific immunological response. Viruses are infectious pathogens that cause serious diseases & major threats for global public health, such as influenza, hepatitis, & AIDS. Virus is a sub-micrometer particle that has DNA or RNA packed in a shell called capsid. Viral antigens protrude from the capsid and often fulfill important function in docking to the host cell, fusion, and injection of viral DNA/RNA. Antibody-based immune responses form a first layer of protection of the host from viral infection; however, in many cases a vigorous cellular immune response mediated by T-cells and NK-cells is required for effective viral clearance. When cellular immunity is unable to clear the virus, the infection can become chronic, and serum antibodies to the viral pathogen are used as first indicator for the diagnosis of the disease. ELISAs provide a valuable tool in the detection and diagnosis of virus infection. The ability to produce recombinant viral proteins will ensure that future ELISAs are safe, specific and rapid. Even when a virus cannot be cultured, provided gene sequence is available, it is possible to rapidly respond to emerging viruses and new viral strains of existing pathogens. Recombinant viral antigens contain part of viral sequence meaning that the recombinant antigen contains a region which can be recognized by different antibodies produced by different individuals. This reduces the risk of false negatives which can occur with synthetic peptides, which contain only a small portion of the entire protein. If an individual infected with a viral antigen makes antibodies to a part of the protein not included in the synthetic peptides, a false negative results. Recombinant viral protein usually contains a fusion protein/partner which produces superior attachment to assay surfaces such as wells. For this reason, smaller amounts of recombinant protein will produce the same results as larger amounts of unfused protein. The choice of fusion partner prevents false positives, allowing superior adhesion without incorrect results.

Subunit vaccine

A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the immune system without introducing viral particles, whole or otherwise. One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus and administering this by itself. A weakness of this technique is that isolated proteins can be denatured and will then become associated with antibodies different from the desired antibodies. A second method of making a subunit vaccine involves putting an antigen's gene from the targeted virus or bacterium into another virus (virus vector), yeast (yeast vector), as in the case of the hepatitis B vaccine^[3] or attenuated bacterium (bacterial vector) to make a recombinant virus or bacteria to serve as the important component of a recombinant vaccine (called a recombinant subunit vaccine). The recombinant vector that is genomically modified will express the antigen. The antigen (one or more subunits of protein) is extracted from the vector.^[4] Just like the highly successful subunit vaccines, the recombinant-vector-produced antigen will be of little to no risk to the patient. This is the type of vaccine currently in use for hepatitis B,^[5] and it is experimentally popular, being used to try to develop new vaccines for difficult-to-vaccinate-against viruses such as ebolavirus and HIV.^[6]

Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViCPS) is another subunit vaccine (contains the signature polysaccharide linked to the Vi capsular antigen), in this case, against typhoid caused by the Typhi serotype of Salmonella.^[7] It is also called a conjugate vaccine, in which a polysaccharide antigen has been covalently attached to a carrier protein for T-cell-dependent antigen processing(utilizing MHC II).^[8]

Borrelia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia	HIV	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV
Chagas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease	HTLV	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus
Chikungunya	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya	Influenza	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
Chlamydia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_infection	Lassa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa_virus
Cytomegalo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirus	Malaria	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria
Dengue	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever	Mumps	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps
Ebola	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolavirus	Mycoplasma	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma
EBV	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus	Norovirus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus
Encephalitis	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis	Papillomavirus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillomaviridae
Feline Leukemia Virus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_leukemia_virus	Parvovirus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus
Hantavirus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus	Rubella	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella
HBsAg	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBsAg	SARS	Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome
Hepatitis A	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A	Shiga Like Toxin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiga_toxin
Hepatitis B	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B	Toxoplasma	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii
Hepatitis C	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C	Treponema	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema
Hepatitis D	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_D	S. Typhi	Salmonella_enterica_subsp._enterica
Hepatitis E	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_E	Varicella	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox
Herpes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex	West Nile	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_fever
Helicobacter Pylori	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori	Zika	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_fever
HERV-K	Human_endogenous_retrovirus_K

CoV, CoV-2, SARS, Enzymes, Viral Antigens- SARS Proteins, Antibodies

Virus

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the strain of coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Colloquially known as simply the coronavirus, it was previously referred to by its provisional name, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV),and has also been called human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19 or hCoV-19).The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020

SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is contagious in humans.As described by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, it is the successor to SARS-CoV-1 the strain that caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.

Taxonomically, SARS-CoV-2 is a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). It is believed to have zoonotic origins and has close genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses, suggesting it emerged from a bat-borne virus.There is no evidence yet to link an intermediate animal reservoir, such as a pangolin, to its introduction to humans.The virus shows little genetic diversity, indicating that the spillover event introducing SARS-CoV-2 to humans is likely to have occurred in late 2019.

Epidemiological studies estimate each infection results in 1.4 to 3.9 new ones when no members of the community are immune and no preventive measures taken. The virus primarily spreads between people through close contact and via respiratory droplets produced from coughs or sneezes.It mainly enters human cells by binding to the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)..

Transmission electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virions (red) isolated from a patient during the COVID-19 pandemic

Epidemiology : COVID-19 Pandemic

Based on the low variability exhibited among known SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences, the strain is thought to have been detected by health authorities within weeks of its emergence among the human population in late 2019.The earliest case of infection currently known is dated back to 17 November 2019 or possibly 1 December 2019. The virus subsequently spread to all provinces of China and to more than 150 other countries in Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Oceania.Human-to-human transmission of the virus has been confirmed in all these regions. On 30 January 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was designated a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO,and on 11 March 2020 the WHO declared it a pandemic

The basic reproduction number ( $R_{0}$ ) of the virus has been estimated to be between 1.4 and 3.9.This means each infection from the virus is expected to result in 1.4 to 3.9 new infections when no members of the community are immune and no preventive measures are taken. The reproduction number may be higher in densely populated conditions such as those found on cruise ships. Many forms of preventive efforts may be employed in specific circumstances in order to reduce the propagation of the virus.

CoV, CoV- 2, SARS, Enzymes, Viral Antigens- SARS Proteins, Antibodies

Enzymes

SARS Human

Recombinant Human Seryl-tRNA Synthetase

SARS Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 537 amino acids (1-514) and having a molecular mass of 61.2kDa.

SARS is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_human

Viral Antigens- SARS Proteins

SARS S(N)

Recombinant SARS Associated Spike Mosaic S(N)

The E.Coli derived 38 kDa mosaic protein contains the N-terminal section of the Spike protein 12-53, 90-115, 171-203 amino acids immunodominant regions.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_mosaic_sn

SARS S(M)

Recombinant SARS Associated Spike Mosaic S(M)

The E.Coli derived 38 kDa recombinant mosaic protein contains the middle section of the Spike protein 408-470, 540-573 amino acids immunodominant regions.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_mosaic_sm

SARS S(C)

Recombinant SARS Associated Spike Mosaic S(C)

The E.Coli derived 37 kDa recombinant mosaic protein contains the

C-terminal t section of the Spike protein 1051-1076, 1121-1154, 1162-1190 amino acids immunodominant regions.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_mosaic_sc

SARS Nucleocaspid (340-390)

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Nucleocaspid (340-390 a.a.)

The E.Coli derived 32kDa recombinant protein contains the Nucleocapsid core protein 340-390 amino acids immunodominant regions.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_core_340-390

SARS Nucleocaspid (1-49), GST

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Nucleocaspid (1-49 a.a.), GST

The E.Coli derived 32 kDa recombinant protein contains the Nucleocapsid core protein 1-49 amino acids immunodominant regions. SARS Necleocapsid protein 1-49 a.a. is fused to a GST tag.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_core_1-49

SARS Nucleocaspid (1-49,192-220 a.a.)

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Nucleocaspid (1-49,192-220 a.a.)

The E.Coli derived 35 kDa recombinant protein contains Nucleocapsid protein 1-49, 192-220 amino acids immunodominant regions. The 2 regions are separated with 3 glycine residues.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_core_1-49_192-220

SARS Nucleocaspid (1-422)

Recombinant SARS Coronavirus Nucleocapsid (1-422 a.a.)

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing three outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein plays an important role in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-cov

SARS Nucleocaspid (2-422), HEK

Recombinant SARS Coronavirus Nucleocapsid (2-422 a.a.), HEK

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the SARS Coronavirus Nucleoprotein, amino acids 2-422 fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-nucleoprotein

SARS Matrix

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Matrix

The E.Coli derived 30kDa recombinant protein contains the Matrix protein 182-216 amino acids immunodominant regions.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_matrix

SARS Envelope

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Envelope

The E.coli derived 34 kDa recombinant protein contains the N-terminus Enevelope protein 1-76 amino acids immunodominant regions.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_envelope

CoV-229E

Recombinant Coronavirus 229E

The Recombinant Human Coronavirus 229E, E.Coli derived, 359 amino acids, contains the nucleocapsid immunodominant regions. The protein is fused to a 6xHis tag at C-terminal and purified by standard chromatography techniques.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-229e

SARS MERS

Recombinant SARS MERS Spike S1

Recombinant SARS MERS Spike S1 is a peptide from amino acids 367-606 of spike protein S1 produced in E. coli and fused to a 6xHis tag at its C-terminus (UniProt accession #AHC74088).

SARS MERS is purified by a proprietary chromatographic technique.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars_mers

SARS MERS, HEK

Recombinant SARS MERS Spike S1, HEK

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the SARS MERS Spike Glycoprotein S1, amino acids 18-725 fused to Fc tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/mers-coronavirus

CoV-NL63

Recombinant Coronavirus NL63

Recombinant Coronavirus NL63 c-terminal nucleoprotein produced in E. coli contains 221-340 amino acids and fused to a 6 a.a. His tag a c-terminal having a total of 130 a.a..

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus_nl63

SARS Envelope, His

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Envelope, His Tag

The E.coli derived recombinant protein contains the Envelope protein 1-76 amino acids immunodominant regions fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-envelope

SARS Nucleocaspid (1-49 a.a.)

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Nucleocaspid (1-49 a.a.)

The E.coli derived recombinant protein contains the Nucleocapsid protein 1-49 amino acids immunodominant regions.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-nucleocapsid

SARS Nucleocaspid (340-390), His

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Nucleocaspid (340-390 a.a.), His Tag

The E.coli derived recombinant protein contains the Nucleocapsid C-Terminal protein 340-390 amino acids immunodominant regions fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-nucleocapsid-protein

SARS Membrane

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Membrane

The E.coli derived recombinant protein contains the Membrane/Matrix protein immunodominant regions fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-membrane

SARS Spike (1-53, 90-115, 171-205)

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Spike (1-53, 90-115, 171-205 a.a.)

The E.coli derived recombinant protein contains the Spike (1-53, 90-115, 171-205 a.a.) protein immunodominant regions fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-spike-protein

SARS Spike (408-470, 540-573)

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Spike (408-470, 540-573 a.a.)

The E.coli derived recombinant protein contains the Spike (408-470, 540-573 a.a.) protein immunodominant regions fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-spike-coronavirus

SARS Spike Mosaic

Recombinant SARS Associated Spike Mosaic

The E.coli derived recombinant protein contains the Spike Mosaic protein immunodominant regions 20-210 a.a. fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-mosaic

SARS Spike (1-666)

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Spike (1-666 a.a.)

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the SARS Coronavirus Spike S1 Gycoprotein, amino acids 1-666 fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-spike-s1

SARS Spike (14-667)

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Spike (14-667 a.a.)

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the SARS Coronavirus Spike S1 Gycoprotein, amino acids 14-667 fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-spike-14-667

SARS Spike (306-527)

Recombinant SARS Associated Coronavirus Spike Receptor Binding Domain (306-527 a.a.)

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the SARS Coronavirus spike S glycoprotein Receptor Binding Domain, amino acids 306-527 fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-spike-rbd

CoV-2 S1

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Novel Coronaviru

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein S1, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 1-674 fused to Fc tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/ncov-s1

CoV-2 S1, Sf9

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1, Sf9

The Sf9 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein S1, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 1-674 fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-s1

CoV-2 S1 (319-541)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (319-541 a.a.)

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Spike Glycoprotein S1 Receptor Binding Domain [ RBD ], Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 319-541 fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-s1-receptor

CoV-2 S1 (319-541), Fc

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (319-541 a.a.), Fc

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Spike Glycoprotein S1 Receptor Binding Domain [ RBD ], Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 319-541 fused to Fc tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov2-spike

CoV-2 S1 (319-541), Biotin

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (319-541 a.a.), Biotin

The HEK293 derived Biotinylated recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Spike Glycoprotein S1 Receptor Binding Domain [ RBD ], Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 319-541 fused to His tag & AVI tag at C-terminal and having a molecular mass of 28.7kDa.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-spike

CoV-2 S1 (319-537)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (319-537 a.a.)

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Spike Glycoprotein S1 Receptor Binding Domain [ RBD ], Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 319-537, having a Mw of 26.5kDa.

Cov-2 RBD is fused to His tag at C-terminal

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov2-s1-receptor-2

CoV-2 S1 (16-685)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 (16-685 a.a.)

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein S1, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 16-685 fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-glycoprotein

CoV-2 S1 (16-685), Fc

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 (16-685 a.a.) Fc

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein S1, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 16-685 fused to Fc tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov2-s1

CoV-2 S1 (16-685), Biotin

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 (16-685 a.a.), Biotin

The HEK293 derived Biotinylated recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein S1, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 16-685 fused to His tag & Avi-tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-spike

CoV-2 S2

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S2

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein S2, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 685-1211 fused to Fc tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/ncov-s2

CoV-2 S2, Sf9

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S2, Sf9

The Sf9 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein S2, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, 685-1211 amino acids, having a Mw of 60.1 kDa and fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-s2

CoV-2 Spike E-Mosaic

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Spike E-Mosaic

The E.Coli derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 spike Envelope Mosaic immunodominant regions having a Mwq of 40.5 kDa, fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-spike-e-mosaic

CoV-2 Spike (800-1000)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Spike (800-1000 a.a.)

The E.Coli derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Spike (800-1000 a.a.) immunodominant regions, fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/coronavirus-spike-antigen

CoV-2 Spike (1000-1200)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Spike (1000-1200 a.a.)

The E.Coli derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Spike (1000-1200 a.a.) immunodominant regions, fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-spike-antigen

CoV-2 Spike (300-600)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Spike Receptor Binding Domain (300-600 a.a.)

The E.Coli derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Spike Receptor Binding Domain (300-600 a.a.) immunodominant region, fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-spike-receptor

CoV-2 Spike (1-260)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Spike Receptor Binding Domain (1-260 a.a.)

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019-Spike N-Terminal Domain, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 1-260 fused to Fc tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-spike-domain

CoV-2 Envelope (1-75)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Envelope (1-75 a.a.)

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Envelope, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 1-75 fused to GST-tag at N-terminal & His-tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-envelope

CoV-2 Membrane-Env

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Membrane Envelope

The E.Coli derived recombinant fusion protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Full-Length Membrane and Envelope proteins, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, having a Mw of 34.2 kDa fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-membrane-envelope

CoV-2 S1 (20-800)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 (20-800 a.a.)

The E.Coli derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 Spike S1 (200-800 a.a.) region, fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-spike

CoV-2 Nucleocapsid

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Nucleocapsid

The E.Coli derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 full-length nucleocapsid: Gene bank- MN908947, fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal and having a Mw. Of 48 kDa as appears on SDS-PAGE.

https://www.prospecbio.com/ncov-full-length

CoV-2 N (1-419), HEK

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Nucleocapsid (1-419 a.a.), HEK

The HEK293 derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Nucleocapsid, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 1-419 fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-nucleocapsid

CoV-2 N (1-419), Biotin

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Nucleocapsid (1-419 a.a.), Biotinylated

The HEK293 derived recombinant biotinylated protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Nucleocapsid, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids 1-419 fused to His-Avi tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov2-nucleocapsid

CoV-2 N (1-419)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Nucleocapsid (1-419 a.a.)

The E.Colie derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein, Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, amino acids (1-419) having a Mw of 46.4 kDa and fused to His tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2019-nucleocapsid

CoV-2 N-Mosaic

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Nucleocapsid-Mosaic

The E.Coli derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 full length nuclepocapsid Mosaic immunodominant regions [ full length N-antigen ], fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-nucleocapsid

CoV-2 N (201-419)

Recombinant Coronavirus 2019 Nucleocapsid (201-419 a.a.)

The E.Coli derived recombinant protein contains the Coronavirus 2019 C-Terminal domain nuclepocapsid ( 201-419 a,a.) fused to 6xHis tag at C-terminal.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-nucleocapsid

Monoclonal Antibodies, Anti-Viral

SARS Nucleocapsid

Mouse Anti SARS Nucleocapsid

Reconstitute Mouse Anti SARS Nucleocapsid antibody at a conc. of 0.5mg/ml in sterile PBS.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-nucleocapsid-antibody

SARS Spike

Mouse Anti SARS Spike

Mouse antibody Monoclonal.

The antibody was developed using a synthetic peptide from the Spike S2 glycoprotein for the Human SARS coronavirus (Genbank accession number NP_828851.1) corresponding to amino acids 1124-1140.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-spike-antibody

CoV Spike Bovine

Mouse Anti Bovine Coronavirus Spike

The antibody was developed using purified bovine coronavirus. (eptopoe not mapped)

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-spike-antibody

CoV Spike Porcine

Mouse Anti Porcine Coronavirus Spike

The antibody was developed using purified porcine coronavirus. (eptopoe not mapped)

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-anti-spike

CoV Spike Porcine PTT1E11

Mouse Anti Porcine Coronavirus Spike Clone PTT1E11

The antibody was developed using purified porcine coronavirus clone PTT1E11. (eptopoe not mapped)

https://www.prospecbio.com/covid-antibody

CoV-2 IgG S1

Recombinant Anti Human SARS CoV-2 IgG Spike S1

Recombinant Anti Human SARS CoV-2 IgG1 Kappa Spike S1 is a recombinant monoclonal antibody derived from HEL293 cells which recognizes the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein. CoV-2 IgG S1 Antibody binds to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with high affinity at amino acids 318-510 (RBD, Receptor Binding Domain) in the S1 subunit of the Spike protein.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov-2-antibody

CoV-2 IgM S1

Recombinant Anti Human SARS CoV-2 IgM Spike S1

Recombinant Anti Human SARS CoV-2 IgM Kappa Spike S1 is a recombinant monoclonal antibody derived from HEK293 cells which recognizes the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein. CoV-2 IgM S1 Antibody binds to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with high affinity at amino acids 318-510 (RBD, Receptor Binding Domain) in the S1 subunit of the Spike protein.

https://www.prospecbio.com/cov2-antibody

Rabbit CoV-2 IgG S1

Recombinant Anti Rabbit SARS CoV-2 IgG Spike S1

Recombinant Anti Rabbit SARS CoV-2 IgG Kappa Spike S1 is a recombinant monoclonal antibody derived from HEK293 cells which recognizes the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein. CoV-2 IgG S1 Rabbit Antibody binds to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with high affinity at amino acids 318-510 (RBD, Receptor Binding Domain) in the S1 subunit of the Spike protein. This chimeric rabbit antibody was made using the variable domain sequences of the original Human IgG1 format.

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-anti-rabbit

Polyclonal Antibodies, Anti-Viral

SARS Nucleocapsid

Polyclonal Rabbit Anti SARS Nucleocapsid Protein

The antibody was developed by immunizing rabbits with synthetic peptides corresponding to amino a.a. 399-411 of putative SARS nucleocapsid (Genbank accession no. NP_828858.1).

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-nucleocapsid_polyclonal_antibody

SARS Spike

Polyclonal Rabbit Anti SARS Spike Protein

The antibody was developed by immunizing rabbits with synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acids 1124-1140 of the putative SARS Spike glycoprotein (Genbank accession no. NP_828851.1).

https://www.prospecbio.com/sars-spike_polyclonal_antibody

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